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What She Did

Rosalind Franklin's Overlooked Story
Photo 51, May 1952, taken by Raymond Gosling under Rosalind Franklin

Paris

12/10/2021

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Personal Life: Influences and Relationships

1945. WWII had ended, and Franklin, in June of that year, went back to Nenwham to write her Ph.D. thesis from her work at BCURA. ​Since the war was over, Franklin happily took up international travel again. During the war she had gone on mountain climbing trips and the like, but only in Britain. Now she was glad to be able to travel elsewhere as well, such as one hiking trip to the French Alps she went on with her good friend Jean Kerslake.
"If ever you hear of anybody anxious for the services of a physical chemist who knows very little about physical chemistry but a lot about the holes in coal, please let me know." This was from a letter Franklin wrote to her friend Adrienne Weill. After her trip in France, she was ready for a change of pace with her work, especially hoping for a job in France. Franklin didn't really expect to find one, but Weill was in fact able to help. "​Adrienne once more became [Franklin's] saviour, telling her that at the conference on carbon that was to take place at the Royal Institution that autumn there would be two French scientists, Marcel Mathieu and Jacques Mering, both friends of hers, who would like to meet Rosalind and might be able to help her. Rosalind presented a paper at the conference, asked intelligent questions, and showed the visiting Frenchmen round London. They were impressed," catalogues Jenifer Glynn in her memoir of her sister.
Through Marcel Mathieu, Franklin gained a position in the Laboratoire Central des Services Chimiques de l'État, in Paris, working under Mering, starting in February of 1947. She would work in Paris for four years. Glynn reports that Franklin's time in Paris was the happiest of her life.
​Franklin befriended many of the other young researchers working under Mering. One of these friends was Vittorio Luzzati. Franklin and Luzzati shared a love of adventurous trips and of energetic debates. In fact, Luzzati and his wife Denise invited Franklin joined them on plenty of these vacations.
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Franklin serving coffee in crucibles in Mering's lab (as per tradition), around the late 1940s, Vittorio Luzzati
Jenifer Gynn writes of Luzzati and Franklin's friendship: "Luzzati shared Rosalind's taste for heated discussion and argument--Anne Sayre records a colleague saying, 'When Vittorio and Rosalind were together, it was hammer and tongs and quite exhausting'. And Vittorio and his wife Denise also shared her taste for the countryside and energetic holidays. Rosalind joined them for their great bicycle tour in Tuscany in 1950--'unforgettable' as Vittorio Luzzati wrote--in a countryside as yet untouched by tourists. It is still a good memory for him.... Whenever possible they would escape to the Alps, too, or all go off to the countryside at weekends."
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Rosalind Franklin on hiking trip in the Alps, ca. 1949, Vittorio Luzzati
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Rosalind Franklin on vacation in Tuscany, Spring 1950, Vittorio Luzzati
Franklin also developed a relationship with her supervisor, Jacques Mering. Glynn writes that Franklin thought highly of him and Mering was impressed with her abilities.
Franklin formed these good friendships and many others in Paris. Key word being friendships. People often tried to put more into them then there was. Glynn puts it well: ​"[Franklin] was twenty-six when she arrived [in Paris], and single. Paris has always had a reputation as a romantic city, so there have been various suggestions about her possible romantic life there--but all of them are wrong; her happiness came simply from a love of the place, from friendships, and from fulfilment in her work." 
People have a tendency to ship famous and historic figures, particularly the female ones. The whole thing is absurd. It is frustrating that people don't understand that a woman doesn't necessarily have to have an active romance life. 
First, they decided on Luzzati. Glynn puts the whole mess perfectly: "The BBC TV Horizon programme implied a relationship with Vittorio Luzzati; in fact, although they were colleagues and always remained excellent friends, they were certainly no more than that. Since there was no future there, Jacques Mering, Rosalind's supervisor, was later suggested as a candidate; he, as it happens, already had a wife and a mistress. Rosalind admired Mering as a scientists, and she must have felt a pang of nostalgia when he rang her and came to see her later in her illness. He reportedly wept after seeing her--as he might have done after seeing any young talented pupil close to death. It is wrong to read any more than that into their relationship."

Research Work: Coals and Carbon

In Paris, Franklin continued on an extension of her research conducted at BCURA. She wanted to look even closer at the microstructures of coals. For this, she needed X-ray diffraction! She was in the right place for this now, with Mering to teach her as needed. 
Franklin's research in Paris yielded even more published journal articles authored by her. In her time in Paris, she became very skilled at X-ray crystallography, which she would later turn towards studying biological structures. She also grew in prestige as a scientists. She is remembered in having great contributions to the field of coal and carbon research.
"On the Structure of Carbon" by Rosalind E. Franklin, 1950*
"Crystallite Growth in Graphitizing and Non-Graphitizing Carbons" by Rosalind E. Franklin, 1951**
Sources
* Full citation: Periodical. Franklin, Rosalind. "On the Structure of Carbon." The Journal de Chimie Physique et de Physico-Chimie Biologique 47, (1950): 573-575. Article. 3 Images.. The Journal de Chimie Physique et de Physico-Chimie Biologique
** Full citation: Periodical. Franklin, Rosalind. "Crystallite Growth in Graphitizing and Non-Graphitizing Carbons." Proceedings of the Royal Society of London 209, (1951): 196-218. Article. 25 Images.. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London
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First Work: Properties of Coal at BCURA Part II

12/6/2021

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The director of research at BCURA (the ​British Coal Utilisation Research Association) was Dr. Donald Bangham, whom Franklin coauthored a journal article with ("Thermal Expansion of Coals and Carbonised Coals," 1946, shown right).
Franklin and Bangham were researching the thermal expansion of solid coal and charcoal. Thermal expansion is how substances change their shape and size with temperature, usually not including phase changes (eg. changes between water, liquid, and gas). Usually we look at thermal expansion in gasses (such as when a sealed balloon shrinks in the cold and gets bigger in the warmth), however, Franklin and Bangham were looking at the thermal expansion of solids. (While we don't think about it as much we still do see this in our everyday lives. A common example of this is pavement contracting in the winter and resulting in potholes in the spring.)
"Thermal Expansion of Coals and Carbonised Coals" by D. H. Bangham and R. E. Franklin, 1946*
Franklin and Bangham were looking at how the thermal expansion of charcoal and coal was affected by the amount of methanol was saturated in the coal or charcoal. The expansion of charcoals with the absorbed films of alcohols is harder to measure since it's very complex: at first it expands much faster than dry charcoal, but then it shrinks before expanding again due to the moisture evaporating from it. Franklin and Bangham devised a method to measure this more accurately by a method of preheating the coals to high temperatures.  
After this paper was published, Franklin published her own journal article in 1948 ("A Study of of The Fine Structures Of Carbonaceous Solids by Measurements of True and Apparent Densities: Part I. Coals," 1948, shown below) which detailed her experiments in apparent density of coals at BCURA.
"A Study of The Fine Structures Of Carbonaceous Solids by Measurements of True and Apparent Densities: Part I. Coals" by Rosalind E. Franklin, 1948**
In this Franklin was studying the properties of pores of coals with varying carbon contents using measurements of true and apparent densities. True density is the actual density of a material. The apparent density, on the other hand, is the density measured using the volume of a liquid or gas displaced by the material. This works because the fluid should fill the holes in the sample of the material so it doesn't matter the material's shape. However, if the pores of the material are small enough, as they were with the coal samples in Franklin's experiment, the molecules of the fluid might not physically fit into the pores. Smaller molecules will fit into smaller pores while bigger ones will not, resulting in different apparent densities when measuring with different size molecules. The pore size not only affects the apparent densities when using different molecules, but also how fast they can seep into the pores. Franklin measured the apparent density of a coal in a particular fluid over time, not just at first, which allows molecules time to seep into the pores. This change in apparent density is called the drift.
Smaller molecules (helium is a great) give apparent densities closer to the true densities of materials. No matter how small of a molecule you use, however, it will not fill completely closed off holes in the material.
The fluids Franklin used in her experiment were helium gas, methanol, water, n-Hexane, and benzene. The chemical structures of these gasses and liquids are shown in the above order below. (Note: If you are not familiar with Lewis Structure notation, in short, the two dots represent unbonded electrons and the lines represent bonds. (The triangle shapes in the structure for n-Hexane indicate 3D shape.))
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Image credits, from left to right: 1. www.chemistrylearner.com/helium.html, 2. web.chem.ucla.edu/~harding/IGOC/M/methanol.html, 3. socratic.org/questions/5495372e581e2a1c2d5edb9f, 4. socratic.org/questions/595fa291b72cff185f0768e2, 5. arstechnica.com/science/2017/02/researchers-individually-craft-molecules-of-a-reactive-triangular-chemical/
The second part of Franklin's article, "A Study of of The Fine Structures Of Carbonaceous Solids by Measurements of True and Apparent Densities: Part II. Carbonized Coals" (shown below) was published in 1949.
"A Study of of The Fine Structures Of Carbonaceous Solids by Measurements of True and Apparent Densities: Part II. Carbonized Coals" by Rosalind E. Franklin, 1949***
In this article, she details her experiments studying cokes (carbonized coals) using apparent density measurements, again using a variety of liquids and gasses. She compared this apparent density data for varying types of cokes carbonized in a range of carbonization temperatures. 
This molecular sieve property which Franklin observed in these experiments, is of great importance today, as I mentioned previously. In part II, Franklin writes on several occasions that this property must be very important. In her abstract she wrote "This molecular sieve structure must be of importance in determining both the chemical behavior of the solid and the composition of the gas evolved during carbonization." In addition, in the last part of her results section, "Molecular Sieve Properties of Carbonized Coals," which specifically focuses on this property, she again writes how she believes the molecular sieve properties are of great importance.
Sources
* Full citation: Periodical. Bangham, D. H., and Rosalind Franklin. "Thermal Expansion of Coals and Carbonised Coals." Transactions of the Faraday Society 48, (1946): 289-295. Article. 7 Images.. Transactions of the Faraday Society

** Full citation: Periodical. Franklin, Rosalind. "A Study of the Fine Structure of Carbonaceous Solids by Measurements of True and Apparent Densities: Part I. Coals." Transactions of the Faraday Society 45, (1949): 274-286. Article. 13 Images.. Transactions of the Faraday Society
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​*** Full citation: Periodical. Franklin, Rosalind. "A Study of the Fine Structure of Carbonaceous Solids by Measurements of True and Apparent Densities: Part II. -- Carbonized Coals." Transactions of the Faraday Society 45, (1949): 668-682. Article. 15 Images.. Transactions of the Faraday Society
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    Author

    Loren Sinclair is a high school student interested in chemistry, art, computer science, theater, and everything else! They are writing this blog to tell Rosalind Franklin's often untold tale, from her life story to the science behind her work.

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